Power System Optimisation and Planning

Advanced Power System Engineering for Renewable Integration and System Stability

At Energynautics, we dedicate a team of experts to high-detail power system analytics for the energy transition in power grids. Operating at the intersection of market and physical systems, our hybrid workflow pairs dispatch optimisation with detailed stability analysis to identify technical limits that emerge as power systems transition to high renewable penetration.

Our approach integrates transparent, scriptable modelling frameworks with open-source software as well as established commercial tools to deliver verified engineering data and nodal-level insights. From initial site selection to advanced frequency control, we ensure that grid investments are technically viable and operationally resilient.

MARKET LAYER (Zonal/FBMC) Zone A Zone B Commercial Flow Unconstrained PHYSICAL LAYER (Nodal/PTDF) ! CONGESTION Kirchhoff’s Laws & Thermal Limits

Services & Solutions at a Glance


Energynautics provides targeted power system analyses across diverse client requirements, from European transmission system operators (TSOs) to international development agencies:

TSOs and
Regulators

Independent full-scale comparison studies utilising our meticulously curated European grid datasets

Project Developers and Industry

Site selection and feasibility assessment based on nodal hosting capacity analysis to identify grid connection points capable of supporting utility-scale assets

Emerging Markets and
Utilities

System dispatch evaluation and simulation to identify stability risks, inertia deficits, supply security constraints, and barriers to renewable integration

Consultancies and
Modelling Teams

Flow-Based Market Coupling (FBMC) constraint injection to upgrade existing Net Transfer Capacity (NTC) models, and development of custom AC grid approximations for integration into client frameworks

Our Modelling Approach

Bridging Economics and Physics

The complexity of power systems requires dual-layer analysis: while economic optimisation determines investment pathways, physical constraints—such as dynamic stability, reserve sizing, and system inertia—define operational feasibility. To ensure planning scenarios are both economically sound and technically implementable, Energynautics deploys a hybrid workflow that directly connects market behaviour with electrical realities.

Traceable & Calibrated Toolchains

We couple tools such as PyPSA, PLEXOS or OPTGEN-SDDP for capacity expansion planning and optimal dispatch analysis with electrical simulation software like PowerFactory, PSCAD or PSS/E for detailed stability assessment of critical operating conditions. Drawing on extensive experience across multiple modelling environments, we adapt our toolkit to specific client requirements and grid contexts, avoiding the generic assumptions that often distort standard dispatch models.

Open-Source Traceability & Solver Calibration

Utilising open-source frameworks such as PyPSA and HiGHS ensures full traceability of results and facilitates the seamless handover of source code and data. This transparent methodology allows mathematical solvers to be calibrated to specific physical characteristics of the grid.

Advanced Simulation & Tool Integration

Our modelling architecture is designed to handle high computational complexity without sacrificing nodal-level physical accuracy.

Parallelised Operational Simulations

Standard 8,760-hour annual simulations often require significant grid simplifications to remain computationally tractable. Energynautics employs parallelised operational simulations with shorter time horizons and high modelling detail, enabling:

  • Security-Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) with full nodal n-1 security.
  • Detailed efficiency curves for thermal generators and other assets.
  • Mixed-integer or convex-approximated frequency control reserves (primary/secondary) without computational overload.
  • Storage boundary conditions via cyclic constraints, pre-optimisation, or iterative refinement.
  • Non-linear investment optimisation through outer-loop formulations.
PowerFactory & PSS/E Bridge

Linear optimisation models cannot natively assess dynamic grid stability. To solve this, we use custom scripts to export critical dispatch snapshots directly from PyPSA to DIgSILENT PowerFactory or any other electrical simulation software. This automated interface enables detailed analysis of voltage stability, frequency response, and transient behaviour. A similar interface exists between PLEXOS and PSS/E.

Beyond Linear Dispatch with Pyomo

Standard dispatch models often fall short when evaluating complex industrial assets. For complex industrial applications, such as e-fuel production facilities or optimal mixing problems, we utilise Pyomo (also: Pyoframe). This allows us to accurately model quadratic constraints and non-linear efficiencies that sit entirely beyond the scope of conventional linear frameworks.

Grid Curation

Market Physics & Data Integrity

The validity of any power system optimisation relies on the accuracy of the underlying grid model. As European electricity markets transition from legacy Net Transfer Capacity (NTC) models to Flow-Based Market Coupling (FBMC), the requirement for physical precision has become paramount. Unlike NTC models that treat cross-border capacities as independent variables, FBMC utilises Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDF) for an accurate representation of power flows. These impedance-based factors reflect how power physically distributes across the meshed AC grid.

Curated European Grid Models

Energynautics develops high-fidelity European grid models using TSO-verified sources, including the JAO static grid model and ENTSO-E datasets. We apply automated data quality pipelines to ensure impedance and topology parameters reflect true physical network characteristics. This approach allows us to support market analysis with FBMC parameters in full detail, ensuring that commercial market outcomes remain within the technical security limits of the physical grid.

FBMC, Data Cleaning & Aggregation: A Multi-Step Engineering Process

1. Data Source Integration & Harmonisation

Transmission grid data is often publicly available, but inconsistent in quality and format across different regions. Energynautics integrates multiple sources, including JAO SGM, OpenStreetMap, PyPSA-Eur, ENTSO-E transparency platform, national development plans, and TSO datasets. We evaluate source priority and resolve conflicting information. Our simulation runs provide additional consistency checks to ensure a robust foundation for further analysis.

2. Physics-Preserving Network Aggregation

To maintain computational efficiency without losing accuracy, we use advanced impedance-fitting to create aggregated networks. Unlike standard clustering techniques, this methodology preserves the physical flow characteristics of the original high-voltage system, preventing the mathematical distortions that often occur in simplified models.

3. Constraint Injection & FBMC Polytopes

We calculate FBMC Polytopes—a strongly reduced set of constraints (CNECs) that define feasible power flows—for future grid scenarios. This includes hourly Remaining Available Margin (RAM) calculations performed according to current regulations. This service allows consultancies and modelling teams to upgrade existing NTC models to a full FBMC framework.

4. Internal HVDC & Redispatch Quantification

Traditional NTC models often fail to represent the impact of controllable DC corridors. We provide accurate modelling of internal HVDC links, such as SuedLink, and replicate TSO redispatch as a separate nodal n-1 optimisation step. This allows for the precise quantification of real-world grid adjustments required following market clearing.

5. Realistic Outage Modelling

To ensure robust system security assessment, we incorporate both randomised forced outages and pre-optimised planned maintenance schedules into our models. This approach enables comprehensive stress-testing under realistic n-1 conditions, even when detailed maintenance data is unavailable.

Island Systems

The Engineering Challenge

While massive interconnected networks primarily manage market flows and thermal limits, synchronously independent island systems operate under entirely different physical constraints. In these isolated grids, dynamic frequency and voltage stability strictly dictate technical limits, taking precedence over the thermal congestion that typically constrains larger systems.

Our Expertise in Isolated Networks

Energynautics specialises in the high-granularity analysis required for small power systems. Working closely with our dynamic stability team, we navigate the unique challenges associated with the integration of variable renewable energy (VRE) in synchronously independent (islanded) systems. Our approach ensures operational resilience for systems ranging from kilowatt-scale microgrids to gigawatt-scale island nations, bridging the gap between theoretical planning and physical reality.

Synchronously Independent Power Systems

To address the volatility inherent in isolated grids, we employ a bottom-up methodology that pairs rigorous time-domain simulations with detailed asset-level modelling. This ensures that every planning scenario is technically viable under the most stringent operating conditions.

Islanded Systems Methodology

Dynamic Stability & Frequency Control

We utilise time-domain simulations to model Fast Frequency Response (FFR), synthetic inertia, and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). This is critical for mitigating n-1 events in low-inertia environments where frequency deviates significantly faster than in large interconnected grids.

Bottom-Up Technical Modelling

Rather than relying on aggregated equivalents, we perform “bottom-up” simulation of governors, automatic voltage regulators (AVRs), and power system stabilisers (PSS). We integrate real-world operational constraints—such as ramp rates and minimum stable generation—to ensure theoretical plans are physically achievable.

Weak Grid & EMT Analysis

For islands with low Short Circuit Ratios (SCR), we use electromagnetic transient (EMT) and root mean square (RMS) simulations to identify the precise thresholds where VRE causes control interactions. We specify Grid Forming (GFM) requirements to maintain stability in non-meshed or radial topologies.

Scalable Engineering Benchmarks

We apply size-specific modelling across all scales. By determining which mathematical simplifications are permissible for a given system, we optimise computational resources and delivery timelines without compromising the physical accuracy of the results.

Energynautics: Your Partner for Complex Grid Engineering


To navigate the complexities of the global energy transition, a one-size-fits-all approach is rarely sufficient. Energynautics provides individualised power system consultancy, selecting the optimal technical and economic methodologies based on your system’s geographical scale and operational complexity.

Beyond Modelling: Implementation & Training

Yet, our role extends beyond data delivery. We ensure that technical findings translate into transparent and actionable engineering decisions.

  • Stakeholder Management: We present complex engineering results in a clear, decision-ready format to regulatory bodies, TSOs, and investors.
  • Capacity Building: To ensure long-term project success of your operations, we offer tailored training sessions that strengthen your team’s in-house expertise in power system modelling and grid operation.

Whether you are operating a kilowatt-scale microgrid or managing gigawatt-scale transmission infrastructure, we provide verified engineering intelligence for technically robust and operationally resilient grid investments.

  • Connect with our engineering team to discuss your specific power system analysis and renewable integration requirements.

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A Selection of our References

Filter references

EV Regulatory Framework for Uganda

Commissioned by GET.transform, Energynautics supported the Ugandan Ministry of Energy in developing a national electric vehicle charging regulatory framework to ensure a safe, interoperable and grid-stable green mobility transition.

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Distribution Network Development Plan for Stadtwerke Freudenstadt

Energynautics developed a scenario-driven grid expansion and investment roadmap for a German DSO, addressing growing demands from distributed generation and electrification on medium voltage and low voltage grids.

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Bidding Zone Design for Hybrid Offshore Wind Farms

On behalf of TenneT, Energynautics and Ea Energy Analyses assessed how Offshore Bidding Zones compare to Home Market models under Flow-Based Market Coupling in a 2037 scenario, revealing the balance between developer revenues, market efficiency, and grid security.

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Web-based tool for detailed long-term load and generation forecasts in low-voltage networks

On behalf of the Thüga Gruppe, Energynautics and geodata specialist enwarp gmbh have developed a new web-based tool for detailed long-term load and generation forecasts in low-voltage networks, facilitating strategic distribution grid expansion.

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Ancillary Services from Offshore Wind

For a consortium of offshore wind developers, Energynautics analyzed current and future high system value ancillary services which offshore wind farms are well suited to deliver.

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Connection Point Assessment for New HVDC Connector

Energynautics conducted an analysis to assess the technical viability of a new subsea HVDC connection between Spain and Italy.

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Load and Generation Projection for a German Utility

Energynautics compiled geographically detailed load and generation projections for the distribution grid of EWR Netz GmbH with a focus on the future growth of distributed generation and end-use electrification up to 2040.

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Low-cost, Grid-friendly Charging for Bangladesh

A smart charger for three-wheeler charging stations in Bangladesh was developed to mitigate the grid load during peak hours.

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EV Integration Handbook

Energynautics together with RE-xpertise developed a handbook on best practices for the integration of electric vehicles into the distribution grid.

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Power System Planning for IRRP Development in CARICOM States

On behalf of GIZ, Energynautics supported the Caribbean Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (CCREEE) with generation and grid expansion planning in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.

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NGESO Reactive Power Market Design

Development of a market-based solution for reactive power management in the GB transmission system, ensuring cost efficient provision to maintain system voltage security in a zero-carbon system.

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Development of Generator Models to Prove Grid Code Compliance

Power generating units require verification of certain capabilities in order to be connected to the electricity grid. This is (partly) done with precise simulation models. Energynautics develops these kind of simulation models for all kind of technologies.

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Optimal Asset Sizing for Markbygden Wind Farm

Energynautics developed the steady-state model of the third phase of Europe’s largest onshore wind farm and performed a series of techno-economic studies.

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IRENA Report: Grid Codes for Renewable Powered Systems

Energynautics supported the second IRENA Grid Code Report that highlights the latest developments and best practices for grid connection codes for power systems targeting increasing shares of VRE.

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Optimizing the Grid Operation by Using the FNN Control Box

The objective of the project is to develop a control box, the Smecon-Box, which combines local intelligence and central controllability for electric vehicles, photovoltaic systems, heat pumps and Co in order optimize the grid operation.

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Consultancy Services for the North Sea Wind Power Hub Programme

This study investigates the potential of offshore wind energy hubs in the North Sea in contrast to radially connected wind farms with the aim of optimizing the integration of offshore wind.

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Ancillary Service Review for the Mexican Power System

Energynautics engineers supported one commissioner’s office of the Mexican regulator in their ongoing review of ancillary services needed for further increases in renewable energy contribution.

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Smart Inverters for Distributed Generation

Recommendations to incorporate smart inverters for increasing the PV hosting capacity in distribution grids and grid reliability.

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Risk Management Guidelines for Solar PV Projects in Vietnam

The objective of this assignment was to develop handbooks on risk management – technical guidelines for ground-mounted and floating solar PV projects from the development to the dismantlement phase.

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Revision of Grid Codes for the Dominican Power System

Commissioned by GIZ, Energynautics conducted a revision of the transmission grid codes in the Dominican Republic to ensure their suitability for large scale VRE integration.

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Research Study on Sustainable Energy Transition and Energy Infrastructure Development Opportunities

The aim of the study was to provide input for the implementation of Resolution No 55 “Vietnam’s National Energy Development Strategy to 2030, vision to 2045” of Vietnamese Party’s Politburo and further orientations for sustainable energy transition in Vietnam.

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Role of Distribution Companies in Using Grid Support Services from Solar Rooftop PV Systems and Storage

Energynautics was commissioned by GIZ to analyse the services which can be provided by solar rooftop PV and battery storage to support the distribution grid in India.

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Distribution Grid Study in the Dominican Republic

Energynautics analyzed the maximum PV penetration levels in Dominican distribution grids.

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EU Network Codes for Estonia

Energynautics conducted a study on various aspects of grid codes, gathering international experience and accepted good practices for Estonian consortium.

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ETS Plus Emission Trading: Power Market Simulations for IFW

Energynautics was subcontracted by the IFW Kiel Institute for the World Economy within a larger project to evaluate the impact of rising emission prices on the power sector.

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Review of the Mongolian Grid Code

Energynautics was commissioned by the World Bank in 2018 to assist the Mongolian system operator to update their grid code.

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Transmission Grid Study Czech Republic

Energynautics was commissioned by a consortium of NGOs to conduct a high level transmission system study to investigate the impact of a large scale coal exit in the Czech Republic by 2030.

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REEP 1000 Islands: RE Integration in Indonesia

Commissioned by GIZ, Energynautics, Cadmus and ABO Wind provide technical support to Indonesian power system stakeholders until 2020. The project includes multiple island grid studies, development of tender documents, capacity building workshops and a revision of the distribution code.

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Vietnam Technology Assessment

Back in 2012, Vietnam published a smart grid roadmap which includes different phases for defining the smart grid implementation in Vietnam. In order to support the development of smart grids, Energynautics assessed the current smart grid progress and developed recommendations.

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PV Port & Store

India aims to install 40 GW solar PV capacity on rooftops by 2022. To support this target, Energynautics developed a standardized plug-and-play PV plus battery system which ensures uninterrupted power supply, maximization of self-consumption and peak shaving of high load peaks in the evening.

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Regional Capacity Development in ASEAN

In order to support the renewable energy development in the ASEAN region, Energynautics held three capacity building workshops to participants from utility networks, governments and other stakeholders in the public and private sector.

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Rooftop PV Policy in Vietnam

To support the Electricity Regulatory Authority of Vietnam, Energynautics developed technical requirements for rooftop solar PV installations in Vietnam, taking existing regulations, international best practices, and local development targets into account.

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Power Quality Measurement Campaign at Al Zaatari PV Power Plant

A 12,9 MWp PV power plant was built to ensure the electricity supply for the Al Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan. In order to determine the influence of the PV plant on power quality, Energynautics conducted a power quality measurement campaign at several points in the local grid.

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Smooth PV

Smart Modelling of Optimal Integration of High Penetration of PV (Smooth PV) is a project which has the objective to develop advanced modeling and simulation tools using the software tool DIgSILENT/PowerFactory in order to evaluate the impact of a large-scale penetration of PV on the optimum economical design/operation of the distribution and transmission network.

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REEP 1000 Islands

GIZ has commissioned Energynautics to conduct pilot studies for renewable integration on two Indonesian islands. The Indonesian government has set a national target of 23% electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Hybrid systems on the more than 17,000 small Indonesian islands can contribute significantly to reaching this goal.

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3DMicroGrid

Microgrids are a promising solution to facilitate the integration of renewable energies. 3DMicroGrid includes the design, development and demonstration (3D) of a future-proof active smart microgrid system to integrate and optimize multiple energy sources and loads.

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DESIGNETZ

New innovative approaches are needed for a cost-efficient integration of renewables into the distribution grid. Energynautics analyses their effectiveness and refines their use for the BDEW traffic light concept.

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How-To Guide for Variable Renewable Energy Integration

How can variable renewable energy be integrated in the Philippine power system? Energynautics shows how with a step-by-step guide developed for the World Bank and the Philippine system operator!

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Innovative Grid Toolbox

Grid expansion is an essential flexibility option for integrating ever-greater shares of variable renewable energy: We show which innovative “tools” there are in order to optimally use the transmission grid.

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VDMA Study on the
Stability of Gas Engines

In case of voltage dips in the grid, gas engines have to remain grid-connected. Using modelling and simulations, we demonstrate the effectivity of different Fault-Ride-Through solutions.

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IRENA Grid Code Study

Which aspects have to be considered when developing grid codes for integrating high shares of renewables while maintaining a reliable and stable power supply? We provide answers!

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European Grid Study 2030/2050

100% renewables by 2050? Commissioned by Greenpeace, the study investigated how the European grid has to be cost-optimized in order to realize the Energy [R]evolution Scenarios.

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Grid Absorption Study Seychelles

Renewable energy in small island systems brings economic benefits as well as technical challenges: We reveal how wind and solar can be optimally integrated into the Seychelles power system.

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Barbados Grid Code Review

Energy policy target for 2029: 29% renewables. With this in mind, Energynautics reviewed the Barbados Grid Code and developed new Planning and Operation Codes.

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Renewables Grid Integration Study Costa Rica

100% renewables today: Made possible by excellent wind, solar and hydro resources. We show how the power system should be organized for reliable operation.

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Snoopi – Smart Network Control with PV Infeed

PV battery systems can do more than just optimize self-consumption: Our controller stabilizes the voltage and thus paves the way for a higher PV penetration.

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Cell Controller Project

Development and test of a universal high-end Smart-Grid-Controller. The highlight: Pure autonomous island operation of the distribution system based solely on distributed energy resources.

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Distribution System Study Rhineland-Palatinate

100% renewables by 2030, that’s what the state government is aiming for. We show what this aim will mean for the distribution system of RLP and how smart grids can contribute.

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